Superconductivity without a quantum mechanics

Superconductivity one of the most difficult phenomena in a solid state physics. Its explanation, as well as the magnetic streamlining of atoms of a ferromagnetic, became possible only with a Quantum Mechanics birth. It is considered, that here without a Quantum Mechanics it is impossible to be bypassed.

However it is necessary to note, that in a Quantum Mechanics there is variety of the puzzles, specifying  on inuniversality of it. These are a wave-particle dualism, V.Gejzenberg’s Principle of Uncertainty, a barrier effect, a multiplicity of a charge of a corpuscle, secret of the relativistic mass, secret of an electrical charge, secret neutrino, secrets of an origin of protons, neutrons, electrons, secrets of a spin of an electron and many other things. These puzzles have not been solved also by the quantum field theory.

Many of the specified puzzles are opened by the Unified Theory of Nature (look above). We will open the new, specified in the beginning of the paper, puzzles. 

A quantum. A.Ejnshtejn in 1905 has entered into physics the concept «an uptake quantum», and several years earlier M.Planck has entered the concept «a radiation quantum». The physical essence of a quantum not established till now. The cause of quantum properties of light is not erected also. As a result the Quantum Mechanics in the course of its existence was charged with the paradoxes, which number grew. These paradoxes are assigned to Nature and are considered as its properties, reflected in laws of Quantum Меchanics: V.Gejzenberg's Principle of Uncertainty, R.Fejnman’s principle of multiplicity of prehistories, etc. In Quantum mechanics erected the representation, that about an electron there should be no any representation: anelectron trajectory no, itself electron is not present, and it "is smeared" about an atom kern.

Unified Тheory of Nature finds out, that an electron and its trajectory exist (The microvortex is an electron and The trajectory in Nature  see). For an explanation of properties of light it is possible to be bypassed and without the concept of a quantum on the basis of essence of Space and Substance (Working out of the Unified Theory see), in particular, on the basis of the essence of electromagnetic waves (How  arise an electromagnetic wave see). As to the uncertainty, which has created so much difficulties in a science, then about it there was F.Bekon's prevention even in the beginning of 17 centuries (The space vacuum - how it to solve? last paragraph see).

Magnetic domains. It is known, that the body magnetic field is caused by formation in a body of the special domain structure. However the nature and structure of the domain are unknown.

According to Unified Тheory of Nature a domain in a magnetised body – the local group of equally polarised at the magnetisation of a body of microvortexes (of the electrons), which are pumping over in one local direction the transit ether (What is the magnetic field? and  Magnet, Gravitation and Inertia see). The transit jets of  ether of all domains of a body it is integrated in one interior flow, which from the outside of a body is closed in the found out "magnetic field".

Superconductivity. It is known, that the superconductivity of materials is displayed at low temperatures. The return of the material to a usual state occurs at temperature rise and at action of the strong magnetic field. The essence of superconductivity is insufficiently clear, including because of uncertainty of essence of a magnetic field.

On Unified Тheory of Nature at low temperatures there are requirements for exception of development of property of a microvortex as a pump of a transit ether (The microvortex pump see), because of formation of the circuital dual pump of a pair of microvortexes (of electrons). Then the electron together with it’s the partner (The body temperature fall see) at a motion along a conductor loses the ability of the regular pushing away and suction to the elements of a solid body (the crystal lattice), i.e. does not transmit the impulse – the flow of microvortexes (the electrons) does not display the viscosity.

The strong magnetic field – the flow of ether ("What is the magnetic field?" and "Magnet, Gravitation and Inertia" see above) polarises the each microvortex – the electron of the pair, according to the direction of fluxion of the ether, destroying the formed intercommunication of the pair (Body magnetization and fig. 22 a see) – the superconductivity disappears.

The body temperature rise – the  magnification of forward speed of the bound pairs of microvortexes leads to collidings in a body and to the fracture of communications in the pairs of microvortexes – the material is returned in a usual state.

Thus, universality of Unified Theory of Nature has allowed to give the simple explanations of the phenomena, seeming in  Quantum Mechanics  very much difficult.

 

               

 

 

Secret of Coriolis force

 

It is considered that at change of a radius of gyration of a body there is Coriolis force guided tangentially to the trajectory of a motion of a body. This force changes velocity of a body and it is considered as the independent inertial force, additioning the centrifugal. However the essence of Coriolis force remains to the unknown person till now. This secret is not solved by any of known field theories.

Unified Theory solves the Coriolis force. From the Unified Тheory the following streams. Acceleration of a motion of a body on a circle forms not by mysterious Coriolis force, but by the magnification of tensile force of a hairline (retaining a body on a trajectory) which direction in these requirements does not coincide with a centrifugal force direction. By that the body displays the usual Inertia (The essence of Inertia see). 

The error in an explanation of occurrence of Coriolis force is hidden that till now the essence of the phenomenon of Inertia is unknown, whence follows incorrectness of the existing plan of a motion of a body.

It is considered that at gyration of a body centrifugal force (inertial force) and centripetal force (propellent) are disposed coaxially. However according to essence of Inertia these forces are applied on a body in different places. The distorted vortexes of ether at development of inertias are moved back concerning a motion direction. Therefore the propellent, applied on a body, acts ahead of zone of act of the inertial forces. It also streams from requirements of stability of any existing motion, in other requirements of application of the forces the motion does not exist [27].

As substantially the identical replacement of a body represents concentration of mass of a body (for example, a ball) in the sphere transiting on the centres of mass of sectors of a ball * then the application points of these forces are practically on cross of a trajectory of a motion of a body and the indicated sphere. With magnification of path curvature these points will keep away in the different sides from a trajectory. Thus, the force diagramme at a motion – gyration about the centre disposed outside of a body, looks like as is shown in fig. 51 а.                              

                                 

                                                     

                                                    a                                                       b

 

Fig. 51. The plan of occurrence of tangential force NТ, accelerating a motion of a rotating body.

a – gyration  at the constant centripetal force N1 cp, b – at the increased N2 cp, N cf – centrifugal force, ВТ - the rotating body, V – the travelling speed of a body, КМ – a ring of mass of a body.

 

At the centripetal force gain (at the magnification of tensile force of a hairline) the body is follow-up turned by the indicated couple of forces. At this rotational displacement the centripetal force application point is moved back concerning a trajectory direction – the centripetal force direction is deviated from the former radial. Therefore the body not only comes nearer to the point "O", but also by the tangential component of the increased centripetal force is accelerated on the direction of rotation. Any mysterious Coriolis force besides the usual inertial force not arises.

The tangential acceleration leads to new travelling speed of body V2 (fig. 51 б) and disappears. Further the body again moves, as is indicated on fig. 51а, only the couple of forces: Nцс  and Nцб will be increased. Figured on fig. 51 б changes really occur not instantaneously. Therefore transition from one trajectory to another occurs accordingly also not spring, but under the smooth  curve.

 

*For a flat material circle it will be a ring, transiting on centres of masses of flat sectors.

Magnetic field of Moon is solved

Variety of puzzles (look Lunar tides and Why Moon is extended to Earth see) is related to a Moon. Besides it is known that Moon practically has not of a magnetic field (the intensity of it is less, than 4 ∙ 10-5 Ersted). The explanation to the lack of the magnetic field is not present.


Why the magnetic field does not exist? From Unified Тheory of Nature the following streams. The magnetic field of Moon can exist only as a result of flowing to Moon of jets of a mesovortex of ether (Magnetic field of Earth see). Only in this case it is possible the mutually ranked orientation of microvortexes (i.e. the polarisation of electrons) and the making into Moon the flow of ether (condensed by the multiple-stage microvortex pump), which is closed from the outside of Moon, i.e. forms the exterior magnetic field.

It is known, Moon has no of own rotation. The fact indicates (Three riddles of Space see) to the absence of own mesovortex of ether round it. From here streams the absence of the exterior magnetic field.

Ether, affluenting in Moon from all its sides radially, causes only Gravitation (Essence of Gravitation see) on Moon without the mutual ordering of microvortexes (of electrons). Planes of the microvortexes in these requirements are ranked parallel to the affluenting jets, but will not mutually complanar.

Ether traffic flow through Moon to Earth causes the Gravitation of Moon concerning Earth ("Lunar tides" see above). The traffic will not lead to the mutual order of planes of microvortexes (electrons) also. It streams from that the filtrational - gravitational pressure ("Essence of Gravitation" see above) of the transit ether is already realized in the free motion of Moon concerning Earth. Same it is observed at the motion of Earth about Sun ("Magnetic field of Earth" see above).

Thus, the Unified Theory of Nature has solved  the puzzle of magnetic field of Moon.

 

 

Sun magnetic field and Unified Theory of Nature

 

 

Our wonderful life on Earth is given to us by our fine Sun. And what we know about it? It is not enough. But it is necessary to know all. After all, it is the closest to us the star. If we will know everything about it, we will live on the Earth very long. Moreover, in the near future we will dare to plan about space travelings to other stars. And it so is tempting! After all, then we can live perpetually, moving from one places, inconvenient for life of a man, in other the fine places. What we yet do not know about our tender Sun? What secrets it hides still? (see also Solar activity).

 

In the up-to-date theory of a magnetic field of Sun it is considered, that the solar wind carries away with itself to interplanetary medium the «ice-bounded» in it the coronel Sun magnetic field. Science speaks this concept rather unpersuasively (look, for example [47, page 105 … 108]. 

 It is authentically erected, that the force lines of magnetic field of Sun have the shape of spiral of Archimedes, but the explanation of this fact also is unpersuasive. 

- Why the substance in a solar wind leaks with acceleration? Why the sun magnetic field changes a sign periodically?

- Silence … 

 It is erected that the equatorial current stratum of the magnetic field of Sun has the sector structure with changing of lines of force in the next sectors with the direct on the return. Why so occurs?

- Silence …

Let's use the Unified Theory of Nature. After all it rescued us not once. By that the difficulties were very diverse  (Universality of the Theory see).

At first we will solve a problem about the differential angular speed of gyration of Sun. It is known, that the angular speed of gyration of Sun has the differential character. By that the angular speed is decreased at a motion of an observer from equator to poles. An explanation are not present to it.

As on Unified Тheory of Nature the star Sun – the ether mesovortex, then the ratation speed of equatorial field of this vortex should be the greatest, and in the process of removal from equator this velocity should decrease (Formation of stars see).

Solution of the secrets  of the sun magnetic field. It is erected in the Unified Тheory of Nature that because of the mutual counter-rotating of the next lateral stratums of a shell of a mesovortex – of star (here of Sun) there is polarisation of the microvortexes – of electrons in this field (Electrization of bodies by the friction see). But as the gyration on equator is more prompt (see above), then the polarisation occurs that, two magnetic dipoles are formed at Sun (What is the magnetic field see). In northern geographical hemisphere one, in southern the second. By that, on Sun equator two magnetic poles adjoin: the southern  - from the northern hemisphere and the northern - from the southern hemisphere. Accordingly, on two geographical poles of Sun are placed the northern magnetic pole and the southern. 

From this it follows, that at the precession of the magnetic axis of Sun *, Earth falls periodically now in field of the northern magnetic pole of Sun, now in field of the southern. It leads to hit of Earth now in the flow of ether, streaming from Sun, now in the affluenting, that is exteriorly perceived as the change of a sign of the one-dipole magnetic field of Sun.

As in the field of Sun equator two opposite magnetic poles adjoin, then this field is the unstedy ([27] and Why magnets are repelled?) see).  From here  the periodicity of structure arises with the dynamic infiltration of streams of ether of one direction (the magnetic field of one sign) into the next zone with the opposite direction (the sign). The equatorial plane, dissecting  this field, dissects now the zone of streams of ether affluenting in Sun, now the streaming out (the sectors with the change of signs of the magnetic lines of force) 

The ether flow (the sun magnetic field) transfers and races (i.e. accelerates) the ether microvortexes (electrons and protons), and at the expense of a viscous friction in ether – all other population of a solar wind. By that the flow of ether (magnetic field) in the zone of Sun pole gains the gyration about itself longitudinal axis (What creates Earth's magnetic field? see), that gives Archimed’s spiral in a cross-section. 

Here now, having learnt so much the new, we became much closer to the dream - to fly to other stars.

 

* The precession here exists for the same reason, as on Earth (What creates Earth's magnetic field? see above).

 

 

PRESSURE IN THE EARTH (the first 6 predictions of Unified Theory of Nature)

Pressure in the Earth decreases?!  From Unified Тheory streams that gravitational pressure (see a force) in process of deepening to centre of Earth will not be increased (as it is demanded by a Newton's law, fig. 52а), but at first will be increased, and then to decrease to zero at centre of Earth. It follows from  that (Essence of Gravitation and Dependence of microvortexes see) ether gemmates on microvortexes (fig. 52 б) in process of the deepening.

 

  

 

Fig. 52. Pressure in the Earth differs in process of a deepening to it.

a – on Newton; s- on the Unified Theory of Nature;

1 – Earth; 2 – centre of Earth; 3 – flow of ether; F – diagram of gravitational pressure.

 

Maximum pressure in the Earth will be on such depth, where there is still the major flow of ether, but already through the major thickness.*

Atmospheric pressure in a cloud. From Unified Тheory ("Dependence of microvortexes" see above  and Cyclones see) follows, that atmospheric pressure in a massive cloud (including before the cyclone occurrence) also should be proportioned anomalously on vertical, increasing from below upwards. That may by the cause of well-known "downdraught".

Weight of a body in a cyclone. According to Unified Тheory ("Cyclones" see above) simultaneously with atmospheric pressure slope in the zone of occurrence of cyclone should decrease weight of bodies.

The shape of Earth and weight of a body on the poles. From the nature of magnetic field of Earth and the nature of Gravitation ("Essence of Gravitation" see above) the following streams. Earth because of the unilateral flowing of transit ether from one of pole (Z) and flowing out from the another (N) should be bent from the side of pole «Z» a little, but from side «N» - extend outside a little. Weight of a body should be on South Pole a little more than on Northern.

Quasars. As  galaxies scatter on E.Habbl, then the further from us a viewed galaxy, the more promptly it  leaves from us. For the most remote objects – quasars the velocity of their removal from us on E.Hubbl V≈ 240000 km/s. From this it follows, that the little farther objects not to find out any more never to us. It streams from that the light speed C ≈ 300000 km/s and then the light wave will run to us, but the radiant – with the same velocity and the greater from us. Further of such objects there will be darkness for us always. Unified Тheory explains the true causes of "red shift» and proves inaccuracy of the standing about Universe expansion (Another reason for the Red Shift  and Red shift - its secrets see). Therefore in the proximate years the farther radiation sources (other quasars) will be unclosed, the calculation on which on E.Habbl will give the velocity of removal major, then the light speed.

Inconstancy of the electronic mass. The further betterment of the physical measuring instruments and of the measuring methods will lead to that the inconstancy of the electronic mass will be found out (Relict radiation – not relict  see).

 

* Accordingly the maximum density of Earth will be on the same depth.

Magnetic field of Earth and other predictions

The motion of the magnetic axis of Earth. As precession of the northern magnetic pole of Earth is independent of precession of the southern (The Unified Theory unriddles the aurora borealis and magnetic-poles of Earth see), then the magnetic axis of Earth concerning the geographical will move in Space (in Earth) by the most manifold motions.

The area of the magnetic poles. In connection with that (Magnetic fild of the Earth see) on South Pole the gravitating ether flows in passing with the direction of fluxion of the circular interpolar fluxion, then the South Pole area will be more of the area of Northern Pole.

Structure of the magnetic field of Earth. From the Unified Тheory ("Magnetic fild of the Earth" see above and Magnetic domains see) follows that the cross section of the magnetic field of Earth will have the periodic structure in the horizontal and the vertical directions.

Asymmetry of the magnetic force lines of Earth. As a separate jet in the multijet circular flow of ether (of the magnetic force line, "Magnetic fild of the Earth" see above )  have the essentially various traffic conditions, then the jet trajectory at its uprise and the decrease will be the asymmetrical concerning the equatorial plane of Earth.

Universe expansion. If the Universe is dilated, then except removal of galactics from us, it should be their cross bias concerning our sight also.

Hence if one sight to guide on the very far galaxy, and the second under the sharp angle – on the very close, then at the identical velocity of them cross scattering (it follows from A.Friedman's theory) the long-range galaxy will remain on one place, but the short-range should leave aside.

If this cannot be found out, then it is true the explanation of "red shift» on the Unified Тheory (Red shift - its secrets see) instead of Big Bang Theory.

Violet shift. As on the Unified Тheory the meshes of the honeycombed structure of Universe (Gravitation and Universe and The universe cellular structure see) are increased and decreased, then there are the opposite motions of boundaries of a baffler of a mesh (of the boundaries of the aggregations of galaxies) so, violet bias will be revealed.

Destruction and deforming of an atom. According to the essence of the "electric field" it is necessary to expect, that at an atom hit in the strong "electric field" it will collapse from the outside, since it will be the interaction with the concentrated microvortexes. At the same time in the strong magnetic field (What is the magnetic field?  and Magnet, Gravitation and Inertia see) the atom will only distort by flow of maternel ether without fracture.

The next 8 predictions

 

The direction of the revolving of planets about stars. From Unified Тheory of Nature (Space vortex changes see) streams, that all planets – the companions ofany stars are revolved round stars in the direction, with the same name of the sign of rotation of the star. Such direction will be found out only.

"Downdraughts". From the Unified Тheory follows (Anticyclone and cyclone - the unified theory   see), that the attempt to develop the system of operative automatic control by an aircraft for the case its hit in a "downdraught" on the basis of the velocity sensors of currents of air in atmosphere or the changes of its density will not be effective.

Ratatory speed of the star. From the Unified Тheory follows, that at the star, which the companion is planet OGLE – TV 56 b, will be found out the great speed gyration (in many times greater, than at Sun, Universal Gravitation and planet ОGLE-ТВ 56 b  and  Solar system, rotation of the sun and planets see).

An electron and a positron are repelled. An electron and a positron in the experiments at their mutual approach by a rib to a rib will be drawn only in the beginning, but then there will be the pushing away (Why charges are pushed away and attracted see).

Magic numbers and stability of an atomic nucleus. Erected in the Unified Тheory the atomic nucleus structure (Why the nuclear interaction is the strong? and Why deuterium is stable? see) will allow to explain the "magic" numbers: 2, 8, 20, 28, …, which reflect the quantity of protons or/and neutrons in a kern of an atom for the maintenance of its stability (strength).

The light speed between Earth and a space station. The light speed, measured between Earth and a near-Earth space station, will be various in the forward and the backward direction (Influence of flow of a space ether, A.Michelson experient, the news and How the Special Theory of Relativity was mistaken? see). By that the station should be «hanged» over one point of Earth surface.

Neighbourhoods of "a black hole». Studying of the neighbourhoods of "a black hole» will find out total absence of particles and bodies (Essence of Black Hole see).

The wave form at the quantum transition. The electromagnetic wave, gained at the quantum transition, will have the shape not the shock wave, as appears from Quantum Mechanics, but of the wave with the continuously increasing amplitude (Deep essence of the electromagnetic wave see).

 

 

 

 

The expedient of reception of energy

                                                                                        I devote to memory of N.Tesla

 

What else does the Unified Theory of Nature give? She allows to develop new expedients of reception of energy. Here one of them.

The expedient has no analogues, as it is grounded that in the certain requirements thermal energy of fluid (and of water including) can be selected, passing interdictions of laws of thermodynamics. The requirement of takeoff of thermal energy of water in the new expedient is use the opened by Unified Theory the natural phenomenon «Heat-mechanical shock in a fluid» (Secrets of water and global warming see).

The expedient consists that two parallel plates from an inflexible material place in water. The plates smoothly periodically postpone from each other and approach. By that one extremity of each plate with the same name leads of the second at a motion of the plates on a mutual distance and rapprochement. In the end of the mutual distance of plates the velocity of the distance sharply is increased and then reduce.

The smooth mutual distance of plates with an advancing of one end of plates with the same name allows to inhaust water on the one hand plates in space between plates (1st step - an inhausting). The specified initial parallelism of the plates allows to charge in the best way the space between plates by water - to fill this space with fresh water (not working).

The magnification of velocity of a motion of the plates in the end of their mutual distance calls sharp pressure decrease in water between plates, that leads to the steam bubble cavitation of a fluid [50] (2nd step - cavitation).

The subsequent decrease in the specified velocity of a motion of the plates leads to a collapse of the steam bubbles. According to the «Heat-mechanical shock» the specified collapse leads to mechanical shock on an interior surface of plates. Energy of this shock under the Unified Theory is gained from water thermal energy. As a result of this shock the plates gain the additional mechanical travel (3rd step - a working stroke). This travel can be used for the subsequent transformation to other convenient views of a motion (for example, in the circumrotatory) or in other views of energy (for example, in the electrical).

Analogously to the distance (look above) the smooth mutual approach of plates with the specified advancing of their ends allows to push out water from the space between plates in other side (4th step - an exhaust). By that the initial and terminating parallelism of the plates allows to free the space between plates from waste water in the best way.

Plates - rigid for exclusion of their strains at motions. Such strains would worsen controllability of filling up and space dump between plates. Rigidity of plates is necessary also for the most active bubble cavitation of water ([50] see above). Their rigidity is necessary and in case of achievement of the peak travel of the plates in the course of perception of shock without conversion of energy of shock in an energy of deformation of a material of plates.

The periodicity of movements of the plates is necessary for maintenance of the continuous reception of energy.

In drawing the full tchnological cycle of the featured expedient of reception of energy is figured. 

                                                                     Technological cycle

 

a…g - the intermediate standings of plates in the technological cycle. a - the initial point of plates, at which the plates are mutually parallel and on the minimum distance from each other, expelling their collision.  b - the forward ends of the plates kept away from each other - water was inhausted in the space between the plates. c - the back ends of plates kept away also, the plates are parallel, the additional volume of water has arrived. d - the standing of the plates after sharp magnification of velocity of their mutual distance and its decrease, in water have originated bubble cavities and have begun collapse. i - the standing of the plates after perception them of mechanical shock from water between plates. f - the forward ends of the plates are pull together, the part of volume of water is pushed out from space between the plates.  g – the plates are returned in an initial point, rest water is pushed out.

1,2,3,4 - technological cycle  steps. In the first step there is a water inhausting in the space between the plates. In second the velocity of a motion of the plates is increased sharply, between the plates there is bubble cavitation. In the third step velocity of the plates reduce, there is a collapse of bubble cavities and – the shock on the plates, the plates in addition keep away from each other - a working stroke. In the fourth step the waste water is pushed out from the space between the plates, its temperature is downgraded. Then the cycle is iterated.

Expedient instance. Frequency of full operation period of the plates of 1 Hz. The advancing of the forward end of the plates in relation to the back occurs without overlapping of phases of their motion and without disruptures between phases. So, the plates are revealed in front and at once the opening is began behind. The plates are analogously closed in front and at once begins concealment behind. The continuance of magnification of velocity of opening in the end of the inhausting corresponds to the frequency of 103 Hz with the amplitude 10 - 3 m. As a result between the plates originate bubble cavities. The cavities, collapsing, translate water thermal energy in energy of the tensioned chains of molecules of water. This energy then is realized in the energy of mechanical shock on a surface of the plates. The plates in addition are moved (the working stroke).

Thus, universality of the Unified Theory has allowed to develop an expedient of reception of energy also, which gives variety of the useful practical applications. It is the possibility of transfer the sea and river crafts on the drives, using thermal energy of water of the rivers, the seas and oceans. The possibility to create the refrigerating technics, which not dependent on high temperature of a surrounding medium and is not heating up a surrounding medium. To downgrade temperature of the explosive motors with fluid-flow cooling at high temperature of ambient air, for example, by their operation in Africa. To raise efficiency of the specified type of drives, by their operation in normal temperature requirements. At mass use of the expedient in technics it is possible to influence essentially ambient the temperature, including to change local temperature of Ocean towards its depression. 

 

 

The closing 9 predictions

Orbits of electrons not the circular and not the elliptical. The electrons in an atom will have the orbits not only the circular and elliptical, but the more coplicated also, combining in itself a circle and an ellipse (V.Pauli's principle see).

Electric field and vacuum. According to the essence of an electric field, erected in Unified Theory (An electric field see), the electric field intensity will  be decreased with the magnification of vacuum about the electrified body.

Magnetic field and vacuum. The essence of the magnetic field, featured in the Unified Theory (What is the magnetic field? and Magnet, Gravitation and Inertia see) indicates that with the magnification of vacuum in the zone of the existence of the magnetic field the magnetic intensity will not change.

The direction of motion of stars in the regular and irregular galaxies. The motion of stars in all regular galaxies will be found out only as the approach to the galaxy central region (Formation of galaxies and stars, The classification of the types of galaxies and Where spiral galaxies rotate see).

The motion of stars in the irregular galaxies will be found out in the ones – to the periphery, in others – inside (The gear of occurrence of explosions and The irregular galaxies).

a. The direction of gyration of components of a binary star. From the Unified Theory of Nature (Double star, how it generate? see) follows, the direction of gyration, concerning own axis of each of stars in a binary star, will be detected only in the opposite sides.

b. The arrangement of stars in the threefold star. From the erected mechanism of formation of multistars (A solution of secrets of the multiple stars see) streams the following. Observers will be always detect that one of the components of the threefold star is approached to one of two others and is remote from the third. By that two the most mutually remote components  of the threefold stars will be twirled in the same side.

Accordingly, the triangle which apexes coincide with components of the threefold star, will be always far from equilateral and will always have an obtuse angle. The state of the specified triangle, close to limiting, when it degenerated in an  segment of straight line, will be detected also.

The travelling speed of neutrino. The travelling speed of neutrino will be found out only equal to the light speed (Solving the mysteries of neutrino on the basis of Unified Theory see).

The places of the greatest density of plasma in Universe. The greatest plasma density in Universe will be found out in the neighbourhoods of the neutron stars (What is a neutron star? see).

The generator of energy "Ray"

The Unified Theory of Nature has allowed to develop the new expedient of reception of energy. Here we will give one of possible concrete embodyings of the expedient. It is the generator of energy "Ray". 

The generator has no analogues, as its technical essence radically differs from known generators. In connection with lack of analogues we will name the generator as «Ray» on its similarity with a lamellar-branchiate sea being. The principle of operation of the generator is grounded on the phenomenon «Heat-mechanical shock in a fluid» (Secrets of water look). 

The generator is figured on figs. 1, 2, 3. On fig.1 – three views of the generator as an assembly, on fig. 2 – a construction of the mobile plate, on fig. 3 – electrical connections.

 

 

 

 The generator represents the right-angled flowing chamber 1 of flat plates, filled with water. The upper plate 2, a bottom 3 and the lateral, concerning fluxion of water in the chamber, walls 4 are rigid and immobile. To the upper plate 2 from below is cemented the guided along lateral walls of the chamber the bow spring 5, converted by the ends downwards. The forward and the back, adrift of water in the chamber, walls 6 are hermetic concerning lateral walls, are elastic mobile in the lower part and have in the chamber below lugs 7. These walls do not reach level of the bottom of the chamber and form the slot between the bottom of the chamber  3 and the lower edge of the each wall 6.

In the chamber is placed the horizontal mobile plate 8, having back adrift waters in the chamber  the side more massive, than the front. Between the mobile plate 8 and the upper immobile plate 2 the cylindrical spring 9, cemented to these plates, is erected. 

The mobile plate 8 consists of three stratums. The first lamina 10, which have been from the chamber 1, is executed of the most sustainable against the cavity erosion material. The second (medial) stratum 11 – from the piezoelectric material. The third massive stratum 12 – from the rigid on bending material. The plate is converted by the lamina in the chamber. The plate can move about vertical walls of the chamber hermetically. 

From sides of the piezoelectric stratum there are taps for an electric current. The taps connected to the wires 13, going to target hold-downs 14, that are on the upper immobile plate 2 of the generator of energy. 

The flat vertical stock 15 is cemented to the mobile plate from above in the middle of it elasticly on bending.  The longest side of a cross-section of the stock is guided across of the lateral walls 4 of the chamber 1. The stock transits in vertical guiding 16 in the upper immobile plate 2 freely. 

In  the stock there is a channel 17, in which wires 13 from a pezo-electric stratum 11 transit to the lamellas 18, strengthened on a lateral surface of a stock 15. The lamellas contact with the current collector brushes 19. The brushes are strengthened on the upper immobile plate 2 and joined by wires 13 with the target hold-downs 14 of the generator of energy. 

The core 20 of magnetically soft material is cemented to a stock 15 on its upper end. The core is placed in a winding of the electromagnet 21. The generator 22 of electrical impulses drives by electromagnet current. 

In the energy generator it is accepted the squared shape of the chamber 1, since only at such shape it is possible hermetic contact of difficult moving mobile plate 8 with the elastic flat forward and back vertical plates 6 and the rigid side plates 4. 

 The chamber 1 is the flowing, since the waste water is necessary for exchanging with the new after takeoff of its thermal energy. The chamber is formed of flat plates 4, 6 since at such shape necessary the quality of contact of the mobile plate with the immobile 4, 6 is provided.

 The lateral walls 4 of the chamber 1, the upper plate 2 and the bottom 3 are immobile and rigid, since non-observance of these demands will lead the construction to impossibility of its operation or to prompt fracture.

 The arc spring 5, converted by the ends downwards, is intended for amortisation of the horizontal mobile plate 8 and giving to the plate of a horizontal standing in the end of its up-stroke. This spring is guided along the lateral walls 4 of chamber 1 since the front and the back of the mobile plate 8 fluctuates in this plane at its motion upwards and downwards.

 The forward and back walls 6 of the chamber 1 are hermetic concerning the lateral walls 4 for exclusion of alien fluxions of water of the chamber and in the chamber. They are elasticly mobile in the lower part for constant hermetic the quality of contact with the horizontal mobile plate 8.

 The lugs 7, settled on the lower end of the vertical elasticly mobile plates 6, are necessary as the terminators – the emphasis for bringing of the mobile plate 8 in an inconvertible horizontal initial point in the end of its downward motion. The forward and the back walls 6 do not reach of the floor 3 of the chamber 1 for formation of an inlet of water in the chamber and an exit of water from the chamber. 

In the chamber 1 the horizontal mobile plate 8 is placed. Water is sucked in and pushed out the chamber at a motion of this plate upwards and downwards. Besides, the plate transmits to water the rarefaction, originating at acceleration of the motion of the plate 8 upwards, and perceives the mechanical shock from the chamber 1 also.

 The cylindrical spring 9 for the motion of the mobile plate 8 in a downward direction is erected between the horizontal mobile plate 8 and the upper immobile plate 2. The spring 9 is cemented to the specified plates for more exact retrace of the mobile plate 8 in the initial point and exclusions of gaps and shocks of the mobile plate about terminators 7 in the course of a slackening of the spring at the long-term maintenance of the generator.

 Back part of the mobile horizontal plate 8 is more massive for maintenance of retardation of a motion of this part of the plate at its motion upwards and downwards. By that the water sucking in the chamber 1 through the forward slot under the forvard elasticly mobile plate 6 and pushing out of water behind the chamber 1 is provided.

  The first stratum 10 of the mobile plates 8 is done thin for maintenance of the fullest pass of pressure from the mechanical shock in water to the piezoelectric second stratum 11. This stratum 10 is made of the material, inconvertible against the cavity erosion for protection of the piezoelectric stratum against the cavity fracture.

 The second stratum 11 is intended for development of electrical energy at the mechanical shock from the chamber 1 through the protective first stratum 10. The third stratum 12 is made massive. Because of its inertia this provides the peak transmission of energy of the shock on the piezoelectric stratum 11. This stratum 12 is made by rigid on an bend for exclusion of an expense of an impact energy on a flexing of the mobile plate 8 and the quality of contact with chamber  walls.

 The mobile plate 8 moves about vertical walls 4, 6 hermeticly for exclusion of alien fluxions of water of the chamber 1 and in the chamber. From the piezoelectric stratum 11 of the mobile plates 8 are made wires 13 for an electric current, produced in the piezoelectric stratum 11. Target hold-downs 14 serve for connection to them of energy users. 

The stock 15, cemented to the mobile plate 8, serves for transmission of a mechanical motion from the electromagnet 21 to the plate 8. The stock 15 is strengthened in the middle of the mobile plate 8 for maintenance most water heavy traffic on filling and dumping of chamber 1 and the technological convenience of manufacturing of this knot. The stock 15 is cemented to the mobile plate 8 elastically for bringing of the mobile plate in a horizontal standing after its diversion from horizon during its motion upwards and downwards and, according, to an elastic deformation of a junction of the stock 15 with the plate 8. 

The stock 15 is flat with orientation of its flat side across lateral walls 4 of the chamber 1 for maintenance of the most effective and reliable operation on the periodic strain of the elastic linking in the place of fastening of the stock 15 to the plate 8. The stock 15 transits in the vertical guiding 16 for maintenance of a vertical motion of the mobile plate 8, to which the stock 15 is cemented.

 In the stock 15 the channel 17 is made for wires 13 from the piezoelectric stratum 11 for exclusion of strain of wires in an generator operating time. On a lateral surface of the stock 15 the lamellas 18 are settled for a deduction of wires 13 from within the stock 15 outside. The lamellas contact to the brushes 19 for removal an electric current from the mobile lamellas, strengthened on the mobile stock.

 The core 20 is cemented to the stock 15. The core placed in a winding of the electromagnet 21 for maintenance of a motion of the plate 8 (to which the stock 15 is cemented) according to voltage changes in a winding of the electromagnet 21. The core 20 is executed of magnetically soft material for exclusion of a residual magnetisation of the core and, accordingly, of error exclusion in the core traffic control.   

The electromagnet 21 is connected to the generator 22 of electrical impulses which provides the demanded shape of the impulses and, accordingly,  the demanded law of a motion of the stock 15 in a time. 

Activity of the generator of energy. The core 20 is retracted in the electromagnet winding at receipt of an electrical impulse from the impulse generator 22 in the winding of the electromagnet 21. The stock 15, cemented to the core 20, starts to move in the guiding 16 upwards. It leads to that the mobile plate 8 starts moving from the lower initial point, keeping away from the bottom of 3 of chamber 1 and coming nearer to the upper immobile plate 2. By that the plate 8 slides about the lateral 4 and forward and back walls 6 of chamber 1, and the forward part of the plate 8 at the expense of its smaller mass leads the back. That leads to the inhausting of water in the chamber 1 (1st step).

In the end of the motion of the plate 8 upwards it at the expense of elasticity of the linking with the stock 15 and of contact with the bow spring 5 accepts a horizontal standing. The subsequent sharp magnification of amplitude of the electrical impulse, which has arrived on a winding of the electromagnet 21, leads to that the plate 8 is aimed to increase velocity of a motion. It calls bubble cavitation of water in the chamber 1 (2nd step).

The subsequent deceleration of the motion of the plate 8 and its stop ( in connection with disappearance of an electrical impulse) lead to a collapse of bubbles and origination of the mechanical shock (3rd step) on the thin stratum 10. This shock is transmitted to the piezoelectric stratum 11, which contacts to a stratum 10. Stratum 11 is squeezed at the expense of counteraction to this shock of the massive stratum 12 of the mobile plates 8. Transient squeezing of the piezoelectric stratum calls generation of an electrical voltage in the piezoelectric stratum 11 of the mobile plates 8. It leads to origination of an electric current from a stratum 11 through wires 13 (transiting in the channel 17 of stock 15),  lamellas 18 and brushes 19 to a user, connected to the target hold-downs 14 of the energy generator. 

Further the plate 8 by the activity of the cylindrical spring 9 begins the downward motion. Its forward part leads the back again – there is a pushing out of water from the chamber 1 (4th step). The plate 8 reaches the terminators 7 on the forward and the back walls 6 of  the chamber 1 and comes to an initial inferior standing. Then the cycle is iterated. 

Thus, the developed Unified Theory of Nature, using its universality, shows the most direct practical exits in the solution of the major problems of mankind: reception of the low-cost energy, driving agency on a climate of Earth, including global warming, and many other things.

 

 

Efficiency of the new generator of energy

 

In paper about the generator of energy "Ray" the embodying of the new expedient of reception of energy from water, developed on the basis of the Unified Theory, is featured. Let's give  an instance of calculation of the featured generator of energy. References to the literature are given on the list, specified on the main page of the site. 

The generator chamber becomes from stainless steel. The chamber fastens by flanges (fig. 1) to the bringing water pipe and the waste accordingly. The thin protective  blanket of the mobile plate is executed from a stellite. The centre of the mobile plate is executed from a piezoelectric ceramics, placed in water [42, pages 198, 444, 445, 446, 449]. The massive stratum of the mobile plate is executed from stainless steel. The thin protective blanket is bent about end faces of two other stratums (fig. 2), retains them together and seals them. 

Chamber breadth it is accepted equal 0,4 m., length (the size in the direction of fluxion of water) 0,2 m. Altitude of the working chamber (the distance from a bottom of the chamber to the upper standing of the mobile plate) we will accept a little more than 0,01 m. That is more than the length of chains of molecules of water [1, p. 71], in which they are upbuilt at a collapse of bubble caverns. It is necessary for the peak efficiency of the generator, as at such altitude of the chamber it is took away energy of all tensioned chains of molecules, that gained from thermal energy of water. We will accept this altitude of 0,02 m. If the chamber altitude is less than 0,01 m., then the power will be accordingly less. At greater altitude this power will be, as well as at the altitude of 0,01 m. The thickness of the mobile plate in a place of contact to the chamber walls 0,01m. The thickness and breadth of the flat stock is equal accordingly 2 ∙ 10-3 m. and 0,05 m. The altitude of the guide in the upperimmobile plate 0,04 m. 

Thermal energy Et  is removed from water of the working chamber for one cycle will be equal [45, 1] to the product of the volume of a sheet of water in altitude, equal the length of chains in the working chamber (look above, 0,01m.) on heat capacity of water and on a lapse rate of depression of water temperature. At the initial temperature of water Т = 20 °С the peak lapse rate of a liquid state will be equal D Т = 20 ° C.    Then Et = 0,4 m. ∙ 0,2 m. ∙ 0,01 m. ∙ 4,2 kJ/kg · deg = 67,2 kJ. 

The gained energy is transmuted as a result of heat-mechanical shock into the fluid in energy of pressure on the piezoceramics stratum. We will accept the frequency of operation of the impulse generator 1 Hz, i.e, 1c-1. Then the power, brought to the piezoelectric ceramics, equal 67, 2 kwt, should be, taking into account the electromechanical force factor кe , into power on the exit from the piezoelectic element. We will accept [42, p. 198] кe = 0,7. From here on the piezoelectic element exit the power Nex = 67,2 ∙ 0,7 = 47 kwt = 67 hp.  Let us werify, what nominal capasity Nn on the exit, accepted above sizes, can give the piezoelectic element at its specific power [42, p. 446] 10 2 Bt/cm2.  Nn  = 40 cm ∙ 20 cm ∙ 102 wt / cm2 = 80 kwt. Having compared the power, brought to the piezoelectic element, with its possibility, it is possible to conclude, that the piezoelectic element of the accepted sizes is admissible at its face value and on the exit will give out the power of 47 kwt = 67 hp.  

At water temperature depression not on 20 0 С,  as in the specified instance, but, for example, on 5 0 C, this power will be less in 20: 5 = 4 times. 47: 4 = 12 kwt. 

Let's define coefficient performance (CP) of the generator. 

CP = Nus / Nsp; 

where  Nus - useful power, Nus = Nex (see above);

          Nsp - spent power. 

As the generator operation period is equal 1 c (see above), then it is possible to translate calculation from power N on work A. 

Nsp = Asp = 2Aplfr + Ainhfr + Aexhfr + 2 Astfr + Abubcav; 

Where Aplfr– the work, spent for overcoming of a wet friction between end faces, moistened with water the mobile plate and the lateral walls of the chamber; 

Ainhfr– the work, spent for a friction at an inhausting. (Consists of the expenses for the friction on a length of the chamber at water fluxion in the chamber during the inhausting Ainh len and the expenses on the inlet in the chamber Ainh in). 

Аexh fr– the work, spent for a friction at an exhaust. (Consists of the expenses for the friction on a length of the chamber during the exhaust Аexhlen and the expenses on the exit from chamber Аexh ext). 

Astfr – the work on overcoming of a friction of the greasing between the stock and its guide at the inhausting and the exhaust. 

Abubcav - the work, spent for formation of the bubble cavities in the chamber.  

 

Let's define components of the losses. 

Aplfr = ls ∙ F pl fr; 

where ls - a stroke of the mobile plate, ls = 0,01 m. (see above).           

F pl fr  - a frictional force between the plate and the chamber walls.

 

F pl fr = h Sfr Vpl/ad [1, p. 127];

where h - dynamic viscosity of water, h = 1 ∙ 10-3 Pa·c. 

Sfr - the friction square on plate perimeter. At the altitude of an edge of the plate 0,01 m.  Sfr = 0,012 m.2 .

Vpl – velocity of a motion of the plate, Vpl = 0,01m. : 0,5s.. = 0,02 m./s.

ad – the distance between boundary sheets of water, equal to the clearance between the plate and chamber walls. ad = 0,1 ∙ 10-3 m. 

Then for one stroke of the plate  Aplfr= 2,4 ∙ 10-5 j.  Accordingly together with plate return stroke 2 Aplfr  = 4,8 ∙ 10-5 j. 

Ainh in = Nin ∙ ts; 

where ts - a time of the stroke of the plate – the time of flowing of water in the chamber, ts = 0,5 c.;

Nin - the power, spent for pumping of water through the inlet opening. From the reference book on hydraulic calculations (П.Г.Kиселёв) 

Nin = gw ∙ Q in ∙D H; 

where gw - water volume weight, gw = 104 Н/м3;

Q in - the rate of flux through the chamber inlet opening, Q in = Vpl ∙ F pl .  Vpl = 0,02 m./s. (see above). Fpl - the plate square, Fpl = 0,4 m. ∙ 0,2 m. = 0,08 m.2 . Then Q in = 0,02 ∙ 0,08 = 0,0016 m.3/s. 

∆H – head losses at sharp expansion. From specified above the reference book 

∆H = (V1 - V2) 2 / 2g;

where V1 – the velocity of water in the inlet opening;

V1 = Q in /Fop;

Where Q in = 0,0016 m.3/s. (see above)

Fоp - the inlet opening square in the chamber, Fоp = 0,4 ∙ 0,01 = 0,004 m.2 .

Then V1 = 0,4 m./s. . 

V2 – medial velocity of water in the chamber at an inhausting, equal to medial velocity of a motion of the plate, V2 = Vpl = 0,02 m./s. . 

Accordingly D H = 0,008 m. 

From here Ainh in = 6,4 ∙ 10-2 j . 

Considering certain similarity of processes on the inlet and the exit of water from the chamber, we accept Aexhex = Ainh in  = 6,4 ∙ 10-2 j. .

The specified losses will be more low at use in the generator of roundings of walls on the inlet and the exit of water.

Because of the shape of the flowing chamber in form of the low slot Ainh len  is possible to fine by the formula

 Ainh len = lsl ∙ h ∙ Sslfr ∙ Vstr / astr [1, p.127]; 

where lsl - a stream path length in the slot, lsl = 0,2 m. 

h = 1 ∙ 10-3 Pa·s. (see above).

Sslfr - the friction square on the trajectory of the stream in the slot, Sslfr = 0,2 ∙ 0,4 = 0,08 m.2;

Vstr – medial velocity of the flat stream on the trajectory from the inlet opening (V1 = 0,4 m./s.) to its end – to the exhaust opening in the time of the inhausting (Ven = 0).

Vstr = (V1 - Ven)/2 = 0,2 m./s. . 

astr - the thickness (altitude) of the flat stream in the chamber, astr = 0,02 m. 

Then Ainh len = 0,16 ∙ 10-3 j. 

Considering the identity of processes of fluxion of water in the slot at inhausting and an exhaust we will accept Aexh len = Ainh len = 0,16 ∙ 10-3 j.  . 

Astfr  it is definable by formula 

Astfr = lst ∙ hol ∙ Sstfr ∙ Vst / аst [1, p.127]; 

where lst - a trajectory of an oil friction of the stock about the guide at one stroke, lst = 0,01 m.;

hol - dynamic viscosity of oil, hol = 30 ∙ 10-3 Pa·s. [1];         

Sstfr - the square of a friction of the stock, Sstfr = (2∙10-3) ∙ (5∙10-2) ∙ (4 ∙ 10-2) = 4 ∙ 10-6 m.2;

Vst – velocity of a motion of the stock, Vst = Vpl = 2 ∙ 10-2 m./s.; 

аst - a clearance between the stock and the guiding, аst = аd = 0,1 ∙ 10-3 m.

 

Then Astfr = 2,4 ∙ 10-5 j. ; 

Abubcav  it is definable by formula

                                     Abubcav  = А bub1cav ∙ ncav

where А bub1cav – the work  on a tension of one bubble cavity from nought to 1 mm. From [1, p. 133] А bub1cav = s ∙ 8 π r2 = 0,07 ∙ 8 ∙ 3,14 ∙ (0,5 ∙ 10 - 3) 2 = 0,42 ∙ 10-6 N∙м;

ncav - maxinun necassary quantity of the formed caverns. From the size in plan of the mobile plate and the length of a molecular chain of 0,01 m (see above about appointment of altitude of the chamber) we will gain, that along the long side of the chamber, equal 0,4 m., is required a series from 0,4: 0,01 = 40 caverns. Accordingly along the short side from 20 caverns. In total it is required cavern 40 ∙ 20 = 800 ones.

Then Abubcav  = 3,36 ∙ 10-4 N∙м. 

Having substituted all values of components in the formula of “CP”, we gain CP = 470. Such CP will be at the altitude of the chamber no , than 0,01 m. and a requirement of use of the maximum temperature gradient (see above: Dt = 20 0С); At magnification of altitude of the chaamber CP will decrease in so much time, in how many time  its altitude  will be increased. So at the conversion of  the altitude from accepted in the instance of 0,02 m CP will decrease in 2 times and it will be equal 235. At the takeoff of warmth from water with depression of its temperature, for example, on 5 0С, CP will be less in 20: 5 = 4 times and will be equal 235: 4 = 60.

The gained CP radically differs from CP < 1, of the known generators, as in the known generators the only part of brought energy is transmuted into the useful energy. In the given generator the energy only for a motion of parts of the generator is brought, but took the thermal energy of the fluid, which find in the chamber of the generator. Besides in the known generators the working medium temperature raises and warmth of a working medium intensively dissipates in a surrounding medium. In the new generator the working medium temperature is downgraded, and warmth is transmuted into mechanical shock, practically without dissipating. It is caused by that process of takeoff of thermal energy occurs passing the known thermodynamic processes, caused by a chaotic motion of molecules. 

From the calculation it is visible that the new generator, developed on universality of the Unified Theory of Nature, will be rather effective at its most various applications.

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